Modules:RegisterImagesMultiRes-Documentation-3.6

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Gallery of New Features

Register Images

Before
Two LUTs are used to display the two volumes
During
Note that both cores run at full capacity
After
Fixed data set with red, moving with blue LUT.
After
Moving versus Resampled
Demonstration of the extent of deformation
grid spacing = 60 pixels, 4 core machine,
9GB memory footprint, roughly 1.5 hours
volume=512x512x472

General Information

Module Type & Category

Type: CLI Module calling ITK functions

Category: Registration

Authors, Collaborators & Contact

  • Author1: Stephen Aylward, Kitware
  • Author2: Casey Goodlett, Kitware
  • Contributor1: Ron Kikinis (copying documentation)
  • Contact: Casey Goodlett, Kitware

Module Description

This Module is an integrated framework providing access to ITK registration technologies. Algorithms can be run in single mode or pipelined. Depending on the size of the data sets, a significant amount of memory is needed. There is an option to trade off speed for memory. Most of the code is parallelized and will take advantage of multicore capabilities, if available.

Major Features

The major features of the module include:

  • Default parameters register many full-head and skull-stripped MRI: rigid, affine, and BSpline
  • Offers a complete, pipeline-based registration solution
    • Load and apply existing transforms
    • Compute rigid, affine, and bspline transforms in sequence with a single command
  • Intuitive parameters
    • Instead of setting obscure "scales" for parameters, you set global values for "Expected Offset", "Expected Rotation", ... to indicate how much mis-registration is anticipated in the data being registered
  • MinimizeMemory option provides a way to compute bspline registrations using a dense set of control points and a large number of samples on "normal" computers (albeit computation time increases)
  • SampleFromOverlap option allows images of vastly different sizes to be registered
    • Helps to avoid (but does not completely eliminate) the annoying ITK exception, "too many samples falls outside of the image"
  • Incorporates testing
    • Specify a baseline image, and modules will perform the requested registration, compare its results with the baseline image, and return success/failure
  • Based on an extensible and re-usable class structure.

Usage


Quick Tour of Features and Use

See here for more information.

Main Registration Panel

Parameter Choices

  • The default parameters should work for a wide range of cases
  • In some cases (e.g. unusual acquisition conditions and/or highly inconsistent acquisition protocols) you will need to change the default parameters.
  • In other situations, you may wish to tweak parameters to achieve your application-specific speed-vs-accuracy trade-off

See also this page on the NA-MIC wiki about parameter tuning for this module.

Overview

  • Step 1: Loaded transform
    • You may load a pre-computed transform to initialize the registration.
    • If one is loaded, it is immediately applied (i.e., the moving image is resampled)
  • Step 2: Initial registration
    • Options are:
      • None (sets the center of rotation to the center of the moving image)
      • Landmark (uses N-pairs of landmarks (passed as vectors) and a least-squared error metric to register the images using a rigid transform
      • Image Centers (shifts the images to align their centers)
      • Centers of Mass (shifts the images to align their centers of mass)
      • Second Moments (shifts and rotates the images to align the 1st and 2nd moments)
  • Step 3: Registration
    • Options are:
      • None (applies the loaded transforms)
      • Initial
        • computes and applies the initial transform to the loaded registrations)
      • Rigid
        • computes a rigid transform and then applies it to the loaded registrations
      • Affine
        • computes an affine transform and then applies it to the loaded registrations
      • BSpline
        • computes a bspline transform and then applies it to the loaded registrations
      • PipelineRigid
        • computes a rigid transform (initialized using the results from the initial registration) and then applies it to the loaded registrations
      • PipelineAffine
        • computes a rigid transform (initialized using the results from the initial registration), uses those results to initialize and compute an affine transform, and then applies it to the loaded registrations
      • PipelineBSpline
        • computes a rigid transform (initialized using the results from the initial registration), uses those results to initialize and compute an affine transform, and then applies it to the loaded registrations, THEN computes and applies a BSpline transform


Detailed Information

IO Tab

  • Set the fixed and moving images using images in the scene
  • Optionally set the ResampleImage to store the output image
    • If not set, registration won't conduct the final resampling, saving computation time
IO panel
Resample image is the resampled moving image.

Registration Parameters Tab

  • Load Transform
    • provide the Loaded Transform for the loaded phase of registration
  • Save Transform
    • results of the entire registration pipeline will be saved here
  • Initialization
    • see registration pipeline discussion
  • Registration
    • see registration pipeline discussion
    • For rigid and affine registrations, one-plus-one evoluation optimization is first applied for N iterations, and then FRPR gradient-line-search optimization is applied.
      • For more information, check the code: RegisterImagesModule/itkOptimizedImageToImageRegistrationmethod.h/txx
    • For BSpline registration, a hierarchical registration scheme is used. An image pyramid having 3 levels is used to resample the images and the control grids. Heuristics are used to control the various resampling parameters. At each level, registration is conducted using FRPR gradient-line-search optimization.
      • For more information, check the code: RegisterImagesModule/itkBSplineImageToImageRegistrationMethod.h/txx
  • Metric
    • Use the Mutual Information metric. It is an multithreaded and optimized version of the Mattes MI method.
      • For more information, check the code; Insight/Code/Review/itkOptMattesMutualInformationImageMetric.h/txx
  • "Expected" values
    • For rigid, affine, and bspline registration, parameter scales (refer to the Insight Software Guide) are represented as hyper-parameters in the RegisterImages module.
      • "Expected Offset" controls the offset scales in rigid and affine registration the deformation vector scale in bspline registration
      • "Expected Rotation" is roughly in terms of radians. It controls the rotation angles in rigid and affine registration
      • "Expected Scale" is for scaling during affine registration
      • "Expected Skew" is for skew for affine registration
Global Parameters
This panel controls what will happen overall.

Advaned Registration Parameters Tab

* Verbosity level
    • Controls the level of detail in the reports in the log file
  • Sample from fixed/moving overlap
    • When the fixed image is much larger than the moving image, it is CRITICAL to set this flag and to pick a good initialization method. In that way, only the portion of the fixed image that is initially covered by the moving image will be used during registration. This prevents ITK from throwing an exception (error) stating that too many fixed-image samples miss (map outside of) the moving image.
  • Fixed image intensity percentage threshold
    • A less robust way to overcome the image overlap issue discussed above, you can specify a threshold as a portion (0 to 1) of the fixed image intensity range that should be used to select fixed image samples for computing the metric. That is, by specifying 0.5, only the pixels in the upper half of the fixed-image's intensity range will be used during random sample selection.
    • Remember, it is important to include pixels inside and outside of the object of interest, otherwise the fixed image histogram may be too homogeneous for mis-registrations to be detected.
  • Random number seed
    • To ensure consistent performance, you can set a seed - repeated runs should produce identical results.
  • Number of threads
    • Number of multi-core/mult-processor threads to use during metric value computations.
  • MimimizeMemory
    • Turns off caching of intermediate values during bspline registration
    • Provides a way to compute bspline registrations using a dense set of control points and a large number of samples on "normal" computers (albeit computation time increases)
    • Rule of thumb, if the BSpline registration crashes - re-run with this option enabled.
  • use windowed sinc for final interpolation
    • If you have time to kill. Extremely slow and only marginally better than bspline resampling (the default).
Advanced Global Parameters Tab

Registration Testing Parameters

The testing section exposes functionality for development and compilation. It should not be used in regular operation of Slicer.

  • Baseline Image
    • Set the image against which the Resampled Image (IO tab) will be compared after registration
  • Number of Failed Pixels Tolerance
    • Registration returns "failure" if this many pixels are different between the Resampled and Baseline images
  • Intensity Tolerance
    • Minimum intensity difference between corresponding Resampled and Baseline pixels for those pixels to be counted as failures
  • Radius Tolerance
    • The program will search this neighborhood size about each Resampled pixel to find the closest matching Baseline pixel. The closest matching pixels are compared using the Intensity Tolerance (above)
  • Baseline Difference Image
    • Result of subtracting the resampled image from the baseline image
  • Baseline Resamples Moving Image
    • resampled image, resampled into the space of the baseline image
Testing Parameters

Advanced Initial Registration Parameters

  • Fixed / Moving Landmarks
    • A vector string (comma separated base-3 list) of the indexes of corresponding points in the fixed and moving images
    • If supplied, then choose "Landmarks" as the initial registration method (see discussion on registration pipeline)
Initialization of rigid registration

Advanaced Rigid and Affine Parameters

  • MaxIterations
    • Number of iterations for one-plus-one and for FRPR registration
  • Sampling Ratio
    • Portion of the image pixels to be used when computing the metric
Advanced Parameters for rigid registration
Advanced Parameters for affine registration

Advanced BSpline Parameters

  • MaxIterations
    • Number of iterations for one-plus-one and for FRPR registration
  • Sampling Ratio
    • Portion of the image pixels to be used when computing the metric
    • Do the math...if you have 40 pixels between control points, then there will be 40^3 (64,000) pixels relevant to each control point. That excessive for directing one control point. Keep the sampling small. For 40 pixels between control points, a sampling density of 0.1 provide 6,400 pixels for metric computation at each control point - more than enough.
    • When in doubt, turn on MinimizeMemory
  • Control point spacing (pixels)
    • Don't think about grid size - instead think about the level of detail that needs to be resolved (see discussion on sampling ratio).
    • When in doubt, turn on MinimizeMemory
Advanced Parameters for B-Spline registration

Use Cases

Example 2: Affine Registration

  • Task:
    • Affine registration of head MRI from two different subjects
  • Data:
    • Using cases UNC-Healthy-Normal002 (fixed) and UNC-Healthy-Normal004 (moving)
    • Data provided by Dr. Bullitt at UNC.
    • Data is available from Kitware's MIDAS archive at http://hdl.handle.net/1926/542
    • Data can be automatically downloaded into ${RegisterImages_BINARY_DIR}/Testing/Data directory by enabling the CMake variable "BUILD_REGISTER_IMAGES_REAL_WORLD_TESTING"
      • Warning this also enables additional tests that can take 4+ hours to complete.
      • To see the code for automatically downloading from MIDAS (via svn), see Slicer3/Applications/CLI/RegisterImagesModule/Applications/CMakeLists.txt

Example 3: BSpline Registration

  • Task:
    • BSpline registration of head MRI from two different subjects
  • Data:
    • Using cases UNC-Healthy-Normal002 (fixed) and UNC-Healthy-Normal004 (moving)
    • Data provided by Dr. Bullitt at UNC.
    • Data is available from Kitware's MIDAS archive at http://hdl.handle.net/1926/542
    • Data can be automatically downloaded into ${RegisterImages_BINARY_DIR}/Testing/Data directory by enabling the CMake variable "BUILD_REGISTER_IMAGES_REAL_WORLD_TESTING"
      • Warning this also enables additional tests that can take 4+ hours to complete.
      • To see the code for automatically downloading from MIDAS (via svn), see Slicer3/Applications/CLI/RegisterImagesModule/Applications/CMakeLists.txt

Development

Dependencies

This module makes use of GenerateCLP, MRMLIO and ITK.

  • GenerateCLP is used to defined the command-line options. GenerateCLP is distributed with Slicer (/Libs/GenerateCLP).
  • MRMLIO is used to replace reading/writing images in ITK to instead passing pointers to shared memory. MRMLIO is distributed with Slicer (/Libs/MRMLIO).
  • ITK is used to provide the algorithms. ITK must be compiled with the CMake variables USE_REVIEW, USE_TRANSFORM_IO, and USE_OPTIMIZED_REGISTRATION_METHODS enabled. These options are automatically enabled when ITK is build using Slicer's getBuildTest.tcl script.

Known bugs

  • Module may fail (and not report a useful error to the console - check the log files) if insufficient memory is available. If so, please consider enabling the MinimizeMemory option in the Advanced Options tab.

Follow this link to the Slicer3 bug tracker.

Usability issues

Follow this link to the Slicer3 bug tracker. Please select the usability issue category when browsing or contributing.

Source code & documentation

Customize following links for your module.

Links to documentation generated by doxygen.

More Information

Acknowledgment

Include funding and other support here.

References

Publications related to this module go here. Links to pdfs would be useful.

Wishlist

  • custom gui for creation of matched fiducials for fiducial based initialization
  • using Slicer transforms for initialization
  • output results of rigid, affine, b-spline either as transforms or as resampled volumes
  • include moving filename into default names of results
  • display fixed and moving results in compareview with proper LUTs (different colors for fixed and result, apply w/l from moving to results volume
  • use in combination with VOI
  • more detailed explanation of how to set parameters
  • increase number of example solutions
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